1. Pick 1 2 Or 3
  2. 4 5 X 1 1 6 Equals
  3. Drop It 1 2 3 4 5 60
  4. Drop It 1 2 3 4 5 6 As A Fraction
  5. 6 8 X 1 2 3x 4
The video below is a good primer on how to construct what is commonly referred to “drop 2” and “drop 4” voicings. The name basically derives from the notes of a chord in closed position, or in other words, all of the notes of the chord are stacked on top of each other.
This technique involves taking the 2nd note from the top, and the 4th note from the top and dropping them down an octave. Keep in mind that this technique is one of many you should have in your arranging tool box.
This technique works for groups that have 5 voices (ideally), such as a small group consisting of tpt, alto, tenor, trombone, bari sax, or the five saxes in a big band.

Pick 1 2 Or 3

Consider the following bullet points that refer to both important points included in this video lesson, and also points in general to consider.
Elements Kingsport 3-1/2 Inch Center to Center Drop Cabinet Pull. For example, to do1/5 -2/3 do 2/3 -1/5 to get 7/15 and read the answer as -7/15 A reduced fraction is a common fraction in its simplest possible form. To get this, both the top and bottom numbers of the fraction are divided by the SAME NUMBER, and this is repeated if necessary until it is impossible to do so anymore. For example, to reduce 150/240.
  1. Roots in voicings are not necessarily needed because the bass covers the root of the chord. Don’t waste that note unless you absolutely have to.
  2. In dominant 7th chords the 3rd and 7th is needed to define the chord. In Maj and 6/9 chords that are not necessarily needed to define the sound of the chord.
  3. Don’t solely rely on this technique, intermix with quartal voicings for Maj and 6/9 chords
  4. Always consider construction of voicings with individual lines in mind. Each musical line is more important than each individual vertical voicing.
Hope you enjoy this one! More of these lessons coming soon from Fred Stickley Music!

Line size selection

Selecting the proper line size for a hydraulic system is critical to get maximum performance and life from your hydraulic components. The four basic line types in a hydraulic system are pump suction, return (Low pressure <100 PSI), medium pressure (500 to 2000 PSI), and high pressure (2100 to 5000 PSI). Under-sizing fluid lines will result in high pressure loss and system overheating. Over sizing lines increases the cost of the system. Lines should be sized as follows:

Suction: 2-4 feet/sec.

Return: 10-15 feet/sec.

Medium Pressure: 15-20 feet/sec.

High Pressure: 20-25 feet/sec.

On extremely long lines the pressure drop through the pressure and return lines must be accounted for to insure sufficient pressure is available at the actuator.

(See pressure drop charts included with this document).

4 5 X 1 1 6 Equals

Fluid Velocity:

Velocity through a line can be calculated with the formula:

Velocity = GPM x 0.3208
Area

Velocity = Feet Per Second (fps)

GPM = Gallon per minute fluid flow

A = Square inch inside area of conductor

The Following velocity charts are a quick way to check velocity through a line. Included in the charts is the I.D. of the line. If the particular tube, pipe or hose you are using is not listed, reference a line with a similar I.D. for approximate velocity.
Approximate Velocity in GPM – Schedule 40 Pipe
Size
I.D.
2fps
4fps
10fps
15fps
20fps
3/8”
0.493”
1.2
2.3
5.9
8.9
11.9
1/2'
0.622”
1.9
3.8
9.5
14.2
18.9
3/4'
0.824”
3.3
6.6
16.6
24.9
33.2
1”
1.049”
5.4
10.7
26.9
40.4
53.9
1-1/4”
1.38”
9.3
18.6
46.6
69.9
93.2
1-1/2”
1.610”
12.7
25.3
63.5
95.2
126.9
2”
2.067”
20.9
41.8
104.6
156.9
209.2
2-1/2”
2.469”
29.8
59.7
149.2
223.8
298.5
3”
3.068”
46.1
92.1
230.4
345.6
460.8
4”
4.026”
79.4
158.7
396.8
595.2
793.6
6”
6.065”
180.1
360.2
900.5
1350.7
1801
Approximate Velocity in GPM – Schedule 80 Pipe
Size
I.D.
2fps
4fps
10fps Crossftp enterprise 1 97 8 download free.
15fps
20fps
25fps
3/8”
0.423”
0.9
1.75
4.4
6.6
8.8
11
1/2'
0.546”
1.5
2.9
7.3
10.9
14.6
18.2
3/4'
0.742”
2.7
5.4
13.5
20.2
27
33.7
1”
0.957”
4.5
8.9
22.4
33.6
44.8
56
1-1/4”
1.278”
8
16
40
60
80
100
1-1/2”
1.5”
11
22
55.1
82.6
110.2
137.7
2”
1.939”
18.4
36.8
92
138.1
184.1
230.1
2-1/2”
2.323”
26.4
52.8
132.1
198.2
264.2
330.3
3”
2.9”
41.2
82.3
205.9
308.8
411.8
514.7
4”
3.826”
71.7
143.4
358.3
537.5
716.7
895.9
6”
5.761”
162.5
325.1
812.5
1218.7
1624.9
2031.2
Approximate Velocity in Tubing
Size
I.D.
2fps
4fps
10fps
15fps Jump desktop 8 2 1966.
20fps
25fps
3/8”x.049wall
0.277”
0.38
0.75
1.88
2.81
3.75
4.69
1/2'x.065wall
0.37”
0.67
1.34
3.35
5.03
6.7
8.37
3/4'x.109wall
0.532”
1.39
2.77
6.93
10.4
13.9
17.31
1”x.120wall
0.76”
2.83
5.65
14.1
21.2
28.3
35.33
1-1/4”x.120wall
1.01”
5
10
25
37.4
50
62.4
1-1/2”x.120wall
1.26”
7.77
15.5
38.8
58.3
77.7
97.12

Pressure Drop:

Pressure drop through the conductor must be accounted for in long runs of pipe, hose or tubing. This will insure you have sufficient pressure available at your actuator to do work and sufficient horsepower available at the pump. You can use the following charts to estimate total pressure drop through a conductor based on fluid velocity. Included in the charts is the I.D. of the conductor, so if the particular tube or pipe you are using is not listed you can reference a conductor with a similar I.D. for approximate pressure drop.

Drop It 1 2 3 4 5 60

Fluid viscosity plays a very large part in calculating pressure drop through the system. The charts below are based on ISO grade 46 hydraulic oil with a viscosity of approximately 225 S.S.U. at 100 deg. F and .88 specific gravity. Actual pressure drop will increase as viscosity increases.
Approximate Pressure Drop (PSI) per 1 Foot of line length – Schedule 40 Pipe Size
I.D.
2fps
4fps
10fps
15fps
20fps
25fps
3/8”
.493”
0.18
0.36
0.91
1.36
2.98
4.4
1/2”
.622”
0.11
0.23
0.57
1.35
2.23
3.29
3/4'
.824”
0.06
0.13
0.32
0.95
1.57
2.31
1”
1.049”
0.04
0.08
0.34
0.7
1.16
1.71
1-1/4”
1.38”
0.02
0.05
0.24
0.5
0.82
1.21
1-1/2”
1.610”
0.02
0.04
0.2
0.41
0.68
1 Airradar 4 1 5.
2”
2.067”
0.02
0.04
0.15
0.3
0.5
0.73
2-1/2”
2.469”
0.01
0.03
0.12
0.24
0.4
0.59
3”
3.068”
0.01
0.02
0.09
0.18
0.3
0.45
4”
4.026”
0.01
0.02
0.06
0.13
0.22
0.32
6”
6.065”
0.004
0.01
0.04
0.07
0.12
0.18
Approximate Pressure Drop (PSI) per 1 Foot of line length – Schedule 80 Pipe

Drop It 1 2 3 4 5 6 As A Fraction

Drop
Size
I.D.
2fps
4fps
10fps
15fps
20fps
25fps
3/8”
0.423”
0.25
0.49
1.23
1.85
2.46
5.32
1/2”
0.546”
0.15
0.30
0.74
1.11
2.62
3.87
3/4'
0.742”
0.08
0.16
0.40
1.08
1.79
2.64
1”
.957”
0.05
0.10
0.39
0.79
1.30
1.92
1-1/4”
1.278”
0.03
0.05
0.27
0.55
0.91
1.34
1-1/2”
1.5”
0.02
0.04
0.22
0.45
0.74
1.09
2”
1.939”
0.02
0.04
0.16
0.33
0.54
0.80
2-1/2”
2.323”
0.02
0.03
0.13
0.26
0.43
0.63
3”
2.9”
0.01
0.02
0.10
0.20
0.33
0.48
4”
3.826”
0.01
0.02
0.07
0.14
0.23
0.34
6”
5.761”
0.005
0.01
0.04
0.08
0.14
0.20

6 8 X 1 2 3x 4

Approximate Pressure Drop (PSI) per 1 Foot of line length – Tubing
Size
I.D.
2fps
4fps
10fps
15fps
20fps
25fps
3/8” x 0.49” Wall
0.277”
0.61
1.22
3.04
4.56
6.08
7.60
1/2” x 0.065” Wall
0.37”
0.31
0.63
1.57
2.35
3.13
6.19
3/4' x 0.109” Wall
0.532”
0.18
0.35
0.88
1.32
2.92
4.32
1” x 0.120” Wall
0.76”
0.08
0.16
0.39
1.06
1.76
2.60
1-1/4” x 0.120” Wall
1.01”
0.04
0.09
0.37
0.74
1.23
1.82
1-1/2” x 0.120” Wall
1.26”
0.03
0.06
0.28
0.56
0.93
1.37

Conclusion

By using the information supplied in this tech tip and selecting the proper line sizes for your hydraulic equipment you will enjoy better performance and longer life from your hydraulic components. Flow will be more laminar, shock potential reduced, leak potential greatly lowered, fitting and connector life increased, wear and tear exposure on system components reduced and concern for excessive heat build-up minimized.
Note: “Tech Tips” offered by Flodraulic Group or its companies are presented as a convenience to those who may wish to use them and are not presented as an alternative to formal fluid power education or professional system design assistance.